Ünite 10 · Comprehensive Study Guide

Conjunctions &
Transitions

A2'den C1'e kadar tüm seviyeleri kapsayan, YDS/YÖKDİL/YDT odaklı eksiksiz bağlaç ve geçiş rehberi. Koordinatif, subordinating, ilişkisel bağlaçlar, zıtlık, sebep-sonuç, koşul, zaman, noun clauses, relative clauses, inversion ve akademik discourse markers.

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0Alıştırma

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Bağlaç Altın Kuralıalthough/because/since/when = conjunction (fiil alır). despite/due to/because of = preposition (isim/gerund alır). however/therefore/moreover = adverb (noktalı virgül veya yeni cümle).

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Flashcard Modu — Conjunctions & Transitions

30 kart · A2'den C1'e tüm yapılar

Koordinatif Bağlaçlar A2

FANBOYS · SENTENCE COMBINING

Koordinatif bağlaçlar, gramer açısından eşit düzeyde iki bağımsız cümleyi (independent clause) birleştirir. Bu yapılara İngilizcede FANBOYS mnemonic'i ile hatırlanır. A2 seviyesinden itibaren temel cümle kurma yetkinliğinin temelidir.

FANBOYSFor · And · Nor · But · Or · Yet · So
Özellikİki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirir. Aralarında virgül kullanılır.
A2 KuralıVirgül + FANBOYS yapısıyla iki kısa cümleyi birleştirerek daha akıcı yazı oluşturulur.

Bağlaç	Anlam	Seviye	Örnek
and	ve, ek	A2	She studied hard, and she passed.
but	ama, zıtlık	A2	He is rich, but he is unhappy.
or	ya da, seçenek	A2	Hurry up, or you'll be late.
so	bu yüzden, sonuç	A2	It was cold, so I wore a coat.
yet	ama, beklenmedik	B1	She is tired, yet she keeps working.
for	çünkü (resmi)	B2	He was worried, for she was late.
nor	ne de (olumsuz)	B2	He didn't call, nor did he write.

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A2 İpucu: "And" ile Başlamayın!Türkçe'de "Ve sonra..." diye cümleye başlamak yaygındır. İngilizce akademik yazıda cümle and, but, so ile başlamaz. Bunun yerine Moreover, However, Therefore gibi discourse marker'lar kullanılır.

A2 → B1 Gelişimi

I like coffee. I don't like tea. (A2 - iki ayrı cümle)

I like coffee, but I don't like tea. (A2 - koordinasyon)

Although I like coffee, I never drink it after 6 pm. (B1 - subordinasyon)

Alıştırma — Coordinating Conjunctions

I wanted to go for a walk, ___ it started raining. (zıtlık)

She doesn't eat meat, ___ does she eat fish. (olumsuz ekleme)

Subordinating Bağlaçlar B1

ZAMAN · KOŞUL · SEBEP · AMAÇ · ZITLIK

Subordinating bağlaçlar, bağımlı bir yan cümle (dependent clause) ile ana cümleyi birleştirir. B1 seviyesinde temel zaman, sebep ve koşul bağlaçları; B2'de amaç ve zıtlık bağlaçları; C1'de ise karmaşık ve dolaylı anlatım bağlaçları devreye girer.

Kategori	Bağlaçlar	Seviye	Örnek
Zaman	when · while · as · before · after · until · as soon as · by the time	A2-B1	I'll call you when I arrive.
Koşul	if · unless · provided · as long as · in case	B1	Unless you hurry, you'll be late.
Sebep	because · since · as · now that	A2-B1	She left early because she was tired.
Amaç	so that · in order that	B2	She studied hard so that she could pass.
Zıtlık	although · even though · while · whereas	B1-B2	Although it rained, we went out.

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Zaman Bağlaçlarında Will Yasağıwhen/before/after/until/as soon as + Simple Present (will değil!). ✘ When she will arrive → ✔ When she arrives

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B1 → B2 Geçiş: "While" vs "During"while + S + V (clause) · during + noun. While I was studying... / During my studies...

Alıştırma — Subordinating

___ you study hard, you will pass the exam. (koşul)

___ the rain, we stayed at home. (preposition - isim)

İlişkisel Bağlaçlar B1

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

İlişkisel bağlaçlar çiftler halinde kullanılır ve cümle içinde paralel yapı (parallelism) oluşturur. B1 seviyesinde both...and, either...or, neither...nor; B2'de not only...but also yapısı önemlidir. YDS'de parallelism hatası sıkça sorulur.

Paralellik KuralıHer iki parça aynı gramer yapısında olmalıdır.
both ... andShe is both intelligent and hardworking.
either ... orEither you leave or I will.
neither ... norNeither John nor Mary likes spinach.
not only ... but alsoNot only did he win, but he also broke the record.

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Parallelism Hatası!✘ She likes both to swim and running. → ✔ She likes both swimming and running. / ✔ She both swims and runs.

YDS Tipi Örnekler

The new manager is not only experienced but also highly motivated. Yeni müdür sadece deneyimli değil, aynı zamanda oldukça motive.

Neither the students nor the teacher was aware of the change. Ne öğrenciler ne de öğretmen değişiklikten haberdardı. (Yakınlık kuralı: nor'dan sonraki öznenin sayısına göre fiil çekilir)

Alıştırma — Correlative

She ___ sings ___ dances. (olumsuz - hiçbiri)

"___ the manager ___ the employees were informed about the merger." — doğru yapı?

Both / and Neither / nor Either / or

Zıtlık İfadeleri B1-B2

ALTHOUGH · DESPITE · HOWEVER · NEVERTHELESS

Zıtlık ifadeleri YDS ve YÖKDİL'in en sık sorulan konularındandır. Temel kural: although/even though/while bağlaçtır ve cümle (S+V) alır; despite/in spite of edattır ve isim/gerund alır; however/nevertheless/nonetheless zarf olup yeni cümle başında veya noktalı virgülden sonra kullanılır.

Conjunction + clauseAlthough it was cold, she went out. / Even though he tried hard, he failed.
Preposition + noun/gerundDespite the rain, we went out. / In spite of being tired, she continued.
Adverb (yeni cümle)It was cold. However, she went out. / Nevertheless, she continued.

Yapı	Sonrası	Seviye	Bağlaçlar
Conjunction	S + V (clause)	B1	although · even though · though · while · whereas
Preposition	noun / gerund	B2	despite · in spite of · notwithstanding
Adverb	yeni cümle	B2	however · nevertheless · nonetheless · yet · still

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although vs. despite karıştırmayın!✘ Although the rain... → ✘ Despite it was raining...
✔ Although it was raining... / ✔ Despite the rain... / ✔ Despite being rainy...

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YDS StratejisiBoşluktan önce isim/gerund varsa despite/in spite of; boşluktan sonra özne+fiil varsa although/even though; boşluk noktalı virgülden sonra veya yeni cümle başındaysa however/nevertheless.

B1 → B2 → C1 Gelişimi

But it was raining, we went out. ✘ Yanlış! But bağlaç olarak cümle başında kullanılmaz.

Although it was raining, we went out. ✔ B1 - doğru

In spite of the heavy rain, we went out. ✔ B2 - noun önünde preposition

It was pouring with rain. Nevertheless, we decided to go out. ✔ B2/C1 - adverb ile yeni cümle

Alıştırma — Contrast

___ being tired, she continued working. (preposition gerekiyor)

___ the weather was bad, they enjoyed the trip. (bağlaç)

The project seemed impossible. ___, the team succeeded. (adverb)

Sebep-Sonuç İfadeleri A2-C1

BECAUSE · DUE TO · THEREFORE · THUS · HENCE

Sebep ve sonuç ifadeleri her seviyede karşımıza çıkar. A2'de because/so; B1'de since/as/therefore; B2'de due to/owing to/consequently; C1'de thus/hence/accordingly kullanımı öne çıkar. YDS'de because/because of ayrımı klasik tuzaktır.

Yapı	Sonrası	Seviye	Örnekler
Conjunction (sebep)	S + V	A2	because · since · as · now that
Preposition (sebep)	noun / gerund	B1	because of · due to · owing to · as a result of · thanks to
Adverb (sonuç)	yeni cümle	B2	therefore · thus · hence · consequently · as a result · accordingly
Conjunction (sonuç)	S + V	A2	so · so that

A2-B1 Örnekleri

She was late because the traffic was heavy. clause + because + clause

She was late due to heavy traffic. clause + due to + noun

B2-C1 Örnekleri

The data was inconclusive; thus, further research is required. thus = formal therefore

Owing to unforeseen circumstances, the event has been cancelled. owing to = formal due to

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because vs. because ofbecause + S + V (clause). because of + noun/gerund. ✘ because of she was tired → ✔ because she was tired / because of her tiredness

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since vs. becauseİkisi de "çünkü" anlamına gelir. since zaman bağlamında "...olduğundan beri" anlamına da gelebilir. Since you're here, let's start. (Hem zaman hem sebep)

Alıştırma — Cause & Effect

___ the heavy rain, the match was postponed. (preposition)

The evidence was weak. ___, the case was dismissed. (sonuç adverb'i)

so / such … that B1-B2

RESULT CLAUSES · DEGREE

So...that ve such...that yapıları, bir durumun derecesini ifade edip sonuç cümlesi eklemek için kullanılır. B1'de temel kullanım; B2'de so many/much/few/little ve such + plural noun kullanımları; C1'de so + adjective + a/an + noun (inversion'lı) yapılar önemlidir.

so + adj/advThe film was so boring that I fell asleep.
such + (a/an) + adj + nounIt was such a boring film that I fell asleep.
so many/much/few/littleThere were so many people that we couldn't get in.
such + plural noun (a/an yok!)They were such talented musicians that everyone applauded.

Yapı	Seviye	Örnek
so + adj + that	B1	She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
such + a/an + adj + noun + that	B1	It was such a long journey that we stopped twice.
so + many/few + plural noun + that	B2	There were so few students that class was cancelled.
so + much/little + uncountable + that	B2	There was so little time that we rushed.
such + plural noun + that	B2	They were such talented musicians that everyone applauded.

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Hızlı Test:Boşluktan hemen sonra a/an varsa → such. Boşluktan hemen sonra sıfat varsa → so. "so a..." diye bir yapı YOKTUR!

Alıştırma — so/such...that

"It was ___ a difficult exam that many students failed." — so yoksa such?

so such

"She spoke ___ quietly that nobody could hear her." — so yoksa such?

"There were ___ many questions that I couldn't finish." — so yoksa such?

Koşul Cümleleri B1-C1

IF · UNLESS · PROVIDED · AS LONG AS · SUPPOSE

Koşul cümleleri (conditionals) sınavların vazgeçilmez konusudur. B1'de Zero, First, Second Conditional; B2'de Third Conditional ve Mixed Conditional; C1'de unless/provided that/as long as/supposing gibi alternatif koşul yapıları ve inversion'lu koşullar (Had I known...) önemlidir.

Zero Conditional (Genel Doğrular)If you heat ice, it melts. (Present + Present)
First Conditional (Gerçekçi Gelecek)If it rains, I will stay home. (Present + will)
Second Conditional (Hayali Şimdiki)If I had money, I would buy a car. (Past + would)
Third Conditional (Hayali Geçmiş)If I had studied, I would have passed. (Past Perfect + would have)

Bağlaç	Anlam	Seviye	Örnek
if	eğer	A2	If you need help, call me.
unless	...mezse (= if not)	B1	Unless you try, you'll never know.
provided (that)	...şartıyla	B2	I'll come provided that I finish early.
as long as	...dığı sürece	B2	You can go as long as you're back by 10.
in case	ihtimaline karşı	B1	Take an umbrella in case it rains.
supposing	diyelim ki	C1	Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?

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unless = if notUnless you study = If you don't study. Ancak unless yapısında çift olumsuz kullanılamaz! ✘ Unless you don't study → ✔ Unless you study / If you don't study.

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YDS Taktik:Boşluktan sonra will/would/could/might varsa boşlukta if/provided/unless gibi bir koşul bağlacı arayın. Eğer cümlede "şartıyla" anlamı varsa provided that/as long as/on condition that.

Alıştırma — Conditionals

___ you finish your homework, you can go out. (koşul - şartıyla)

Take a jacket ___ it gets cold later. (ihtimaline karşı)

"___ I had known about the meeting, I would have attended." — Inversion'lu koşul?

If Had Should

Zaman Bağlaçları A2-B2

WHEN · WHILE · AS · BY THE TIME · UNTIL

Zaman bağlaçları olayların zaman ilişkisini kurar. A2'de when/before/after; B1'de while/as/until/as soon as; B2'de by the time/no sooner...than/hardly...when yapıları öğrenilir. YDS'de "will yasağı" ve "by the time + past perfect" klasik sorulardandır.

whenwhileas

Belli bir anda
When I got home, she left.

Eşzamanlı süreç
While I was cooking, he called.

"iken" / "yaptığı sırada"
As I was leaving, it rang.

Bağlaç	Kullanım	Seviye	Örnek
when	belirli bir noktada	A2	When I arrived, they left.
while	eşzamanlı süreçler	B1	While she was sleeping, I studied.
as	"yaptığı sırada"	B1	As I walked in, everyone stared.
until	...e kadar	A2	Wait here until I come back.
as soon as	yapar yapmaz	B1	I'll call as soon as I arrive.
by the time	...dığında (zaten)	B2	By the time we arrived, they had left.

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By the Time Kuralı:By the time + Present → Future Perfect. By the time + Past → Past Perfect. By the time you read this, I will have left. / By the time we arrived, they had already eaten.

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Until vs. By:until = süre boyunca (bekleme). by = en geç ... tarihine kadar (deadline). I'll wait until 5. / I'll finish by 5.

Alıştırma — Time

___ the time the police arrived, the thieves had escaped.

Don't leave ___ I come back. (bekleme süresi)

Amaç & Sonuç B1-C1

SO THAT · IN ORDER TO · LEST · FOR FEAR THAT

Amaç ifadeleri bir eylemin neden yapıldığını belirtir. B1'de so that/in order to; B2'de so as to/in order that; C1'de lest/for fear that (olumsuz amaç) yapıları sınavlarda karşımıza çıkar. So that yapısında modal (can/could/will/would) kullanımı kritiktir.

so that + clause (modal gerekir)I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
in order to + infinitiveIn order to understand, you must listen carefully.
so as to + infinitive (B2)He spoke slowly so as to be understood.
lest + should (C1 - olumsuz amaç)He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

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so that vs. so...that karıştırmayın!so that = amaç (ki, diye). so...that = sonuç/derece (öyle ki). I spoke slowly so that he could understand. / I spoke so slowly that he fell asleep.

Seviye Gelişimi

I went to the library to study. A2 - basit infinitive

I went to the library in order to study. B1 - formal amaç

I went to the library so that I could study in peace. B1 - clause + modal

I whispered lest I should wake the baby. C1 - olumsuz amaç (should zorunlu)

Alıştırma — Purpose

She left early ___ she could catch the first bus. (amaç)

"He locked the door ___ nobody should enter." — C1 olumsuz amaç?

so that lest in case

Noun Clauses B2

THAT · WHETHER · IF · WHAT

Noun clause (isim cümlecikleri), cümle içinde isim görevi üstlenen yan cümlelerdir. That, whether, if, what, who, which, where gibi bağlaçlarla başlar. YDS'de "whether...or not" ve "that"ın zorunlu/opsiyonel kullanımı sık sorulur.

that + clause (fact/object)I believe that she is right.
whether/if + clause (yes/no question)I don't know whether he will come (or not).
what/who/where + clause (question word)What he said surprised everyone.

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whether vs. ifPreposition'dan sonra sadece whether. "Whether...or not" yapısında whether zorunlu. I'm not sure about whether he'll come. / I don't know whether he'll come or not.

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that'in düşürülmesi:That, noun clause'u nesne olarak tanıttığında düşürülebilir. I think (that) he's right. Ancak özne konumundaki that düşürülemez: That he's late is obvious.

Alıştırma — Noun Clauses

I wonder ___ they will arrive on time. (şüphe - whether/if)

___ she said was completely true. (what/that)

Relative Clauses B1-C1

WHO · WHICH · THAT · WHOSE · WHOM

İlgi cümleleri (relative clauses), bir ismi tanımlayan veya hakkında ek bilgi veren yan cümlelerdir. B1'de who/which/that; B2'de whose/whom/defining vs non-defining; C1'de preposition + whom/which ve reduced relative clauses önemlidir.

Bağlaç	Görev	Seviye	Örnek
who	kişi (özne)	B1	The man who lives here is a doctor.
which	nesne/hayvan	B1	The book which I read was fascinating.
that	kişi/nesne (informal)	B1	The car that he bought is red.
whose	sahiplik	B2	The student whose bag was stolen is crying.
whom	kişi (nesne - formal)	B2	The man to whom I spoke was helpful.

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Non-Defining Relative Clause:Ek bilgi verir, virgülle ayrılır, that kullanılamaz! My brother, who lives in Ankara, is a lawyer. (Tek erkek kardeşim var, ek bilgi)

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YDS Taktik:Boşluktan önce virgül varsa ve cümle ek bilgi içeriyorsa who/which/whose/whom; tanım içeriyorsa that de olabilir. Ancak virgüllü yapıda that asla kullanılmaz!

Alıştırma — Relative

The woman ___ car was stolen reported it to the police. (sahiplik)

"The conference, ___ was held in Istanbul, attracted many scholars." — Non-defining?

that which where

Inversion & Emphasis C1

HARDLY · NO SOONER · NOT UNTIL · ONLY WHEN

Inversion (devrik cümle), özne ve yardımcı fiilin yer değiştirmesiyle oluşan vurgulu yapıdır. C1 seviyesinde hardly...when, no sooner...than, scarcely...when, not until, only when gibi yapılar YDS ve YÖKDİL'de sık sorulur. Bu yapılarda zaman bağlacı + past perfect ve ana cümlede past simple kullanılır.

hardly ... whenHardly had I arrived when it started raining.
no sooner ... thanNo sooner had she finished than the phone rang.
scarcely ... whenScarcely had we left when the alarm went off.
not until ... didNot until midnight did he come home.

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Inversion'da Zaman Uyumu:Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely + Past Perfect + when/than + Past Simple. ✘ Hardly had I arrived when it rains. → ✔ Hardly had I arrived when it rained.

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C1 İpucu:Bu yapılar olumsuz anlam taşıyan zarflarla başladığı için inversion (devrik yapı) zorunludur. Normal cümle sırası kullanılamaz! ✘ Hardly I had arrived... → ✔ Hardly had I arrived...

YDS/YÖKDİL Klasik Sorular

No sooner had the minister announced the policy than the opposition reacted fiercely. Bakan politikasını açıklar açıklamaz muhalefet şiddetle tepki gösterdi.

Not until the evidence was presented did the jury reach a verdict. Kanıt sunulana kadar jüri karara varamadı.

Alıştırma — Inversion

___ had the meeting started ___ someone interrupted. (hardly/when)

"No sooner ___ the alarm gone off ___ everyone panicked." — doğru tamamlama?

had / than did / when has / than

Advanced Contrast & Concession C1

MUCH AS · FOR ALL · NOTWITHSTANDING · ALBEIT

C1 seviyesinde although/even though yerine kullanılan daha akademik ve resmi zıtlık yapıları vardır. much as, for all (that), notwithstanding, albeit gibi yapılar YDS/YÖKDİL paragraf sorularında ve cümle tamamlamada karşımıza çıkar.

Yapı	Anlam	Kullanım	Örnek
much as	çok ... olmasına rağmen	cümle başında	Much as I respect him, I cannot agree.
for all (that)	her şeye rağmen	informal C1	For all his wealth, he is unhappy.
notwithstanding	-e rağmen	preposition/postposition	Notwithstanding the risks, they proceeded.
albeit	gerçi, yine de	sıfat/zarftan önce	He accepted, albeit reluctantly.
regardless of	...ne olursa olsun	preposition	Regardless of the cost, we must finish.

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YDS Stratejisi:Boşluk "rağmen" anlamı taşıyor ve cümle başındaysa much as/while/although; isim/gerund öncesiyse notwithstanding/despite/regardless of; sıfattan önceyse albeit.

Alıştırma — Advanced Contrast

___ I admire his work, I find his attitude problematic. (much as / although)

He agreed to help, ___ reluctantly. (C1 zarf öncesi)

Discourse Markers B2-C1

AKADEMİK GEÇİŞ İFADELERİ

Discourse markers (discourse connectors), paragraf içindeki fikirler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösteren bağlaç benzeri ifadelerdir. YDS/YÖKDİL paragraf sorularının kalbidir. B2'de temel geçiş ifadeleri; C1'de daha nüanslı ve akademik ifadeler öğrenilir.

İşlev	İfadeler	Seviye
Ek bilgi	furthermore · moreover · in addition · besides · also · what is more	B1-B2
Zıtlık	however · nevertheless · on the other hand · in contrast · conversely	B2
Sonuç	therefore · thus · hence · consequently · as a result · accordingly	B2-C1
Örnek verme	for example · for instance · such as · namely · in particular	B1
Açıklama	in other words · that is (i.e.) · to put it differently	B2
Özetleme	in conclusion · to sum up · in brief · overall · on the whole	B2-C1
Koşul	otherwise · in that case · if so · if not	B2

🎓 YDS Paragraf Sorularında Discourse Markers

however / on the other hand / conversely — zıt fikir geliyor (bağlamı değiştirir)
furthermore / moreover / in addition — aynı yönde ek bilgi
therefore / consequently / as a result / thus — öncesinin sonucu gelecek
for instance / for example / such as — önceki genel ifadenin örneği
in other words / that is — önceki ifadenin açıklaması/tekrarı (paraphrase)
otherwise — "aksi takdirde", olumsuz sonuç uyarısı

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Paragraf Sınav Taktik:Boşluktan önceki ve sonraki cümle arasındaki mantıksal ilişkiyi bulun. Örnek mi? Zıtlık mı? Sonuç mu? Ek bilgi mi? Doğru marker'ı bu ilişkiye göre seçin.

Alıştırma — Discourse

The data is insufficient. ___, we cannot draw a conclusion. (sonuç)

He is a strict teacher. ___, his students respect him. (zıtlık)

Reported Speech & Conjunctions B2

THAT · WHETHER · TENSE BACKSHIFT

Dolaylı anlatımda (reported speech) bağlaç kullanımı ve tense backshift (zaman gerilemesi) kritiktir. B2 seviyesinde that/whether/if kullanımı, emir ve rica cümlelerinde to-infinitive yapısı, ve zaman zarflarının değişimi öğrenilir.

Statement (that - opsiyonel)He said (that) he was tired.
Question (if/whether)She asked if/whether I had finished.
Command/Request (to-infinitive)He told me to wait. / She asked me to help her.

Direkt	Dolaylı	Değişim
"I am happy."	He said (that) he was happy.	Present → Past
"I have finished."	He said he had finished.	Present Perfect → Past Perfect
"I will go."	He said he would go.	Will → Would
"Can you help me?"	He asked if I could help him.	Can → Could / Yardımcı fiil geriler
"Wait here."	He told me to wait there.	Imperative → to-infinitive

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Genel Doğrularda Backshift Yok:Eğer aktarılan söz genel bir doğruysa zaman gerilemesi yapılmayabilir. He said that the Earth is/was round. (İkisi de kabul edilebilir)

Alıştırma — Reported Speech

"Where do you live?" she asked. → She asked me where ___.

"Don't touch that!" he said. → He told me ___ that.