· Ünite 9: Relative Clauses — Master Study Guide
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Ünite 9 · Master Study Guide

Relative Clauses
İlgi Cümleleri

A2'den C1'e kademeli, pedagojik derinliği olan, YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT odaklı eksiksiz bir master rehber. 10 modül, 40+ flashcard, 80+ alıştırma, 30 soruluk mega quiz ve sınav stratejileri ile relative clauses konusunu tamamen hakimiyet altına al.

0Alt Konu
0Alıştırma
0Flashcard
0Sınav Sorusu
A2 Temel→ B1 Yapı→ B2 İleri→ C1 Ustalık→ Sınav
Hızlı Harita

who = kişi (özne) · whom = kişi (nesne) · which = şey · that = kişi/şey (sadece defining) · whose = iyelik · where = yer · when = zaman · why = sebep

Altın Kural

Non-defining = virgül + that yasak + düşürme yok. Defining nesne pozisyonunda = zamir düşebilir. Reduced = be düşer, V-ing/V3/to-inf kalır.

Sınav Sıklığı

YDS'de ortalama 3-5 soru. En sık: reduced clauses, preposition + whom/which, noun clause vs relative clause ayrımı.

🃏

Flashcard Modu — 40 Kart

A2'den C1'e tüm kritik yapılar · Space ile çevir · ← → ile gez

01

Defining Relative Clauses

BELİRLEYİCİ İLGİ CÜMLELERİ
A2B1 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Defining relative clause'un cümledeki işlevini ve zorunluluğunu ayırt etmek
  • Özne ve nesne pozisyonunda relative pronoun seçimi yapmak
  • That / which / who arasındaki farkları sınav mantığıyla kullanmak
  • Nesne pozisyonunda zamir düşürme kuralını uygulamak
ÖzellikVirgül YOK · "that" kullanılabilir · zamir düşürülebilir (nesne pozisyonunda)
AnlamHangi kişi/şeyi kastettiğimizi belirtir — cümle için ZORUNLU bilgi
Sınav İpucuDefining clause'da "that" her zaman güvenli bir seçenektir (kişi veya şey fark etmeksizin).

Temel Yapı (A2)

Defining relative clause, isimden önce gelir ve o ismi belirli kılar. Cümleden çıkarılırsa anlam tamamen değişir veya cümle anlamsız kalır. Bu yüzden "defining" (tanımlayıcı/belirleyici) adını alır.

İsim→ Zamir→ Özne/Nesne→ Fiil
A2 Örnekler

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

Yan komşuda oturan kadın bir doktordur. (Hangi kadın? — belirtici)

I have a friend who speaks Japanese.

Japonca konuşan bir arkadaşım var. (Arkadaşlarımdan bahsediyorum)

The book that I bought is fascinating.

Satın aldığım kitap büyüleyici. (that = which, nesne pozisyonu)

🧠
Hafıza TekniğiDefining = Tanımlama = "Hangi...?" sorusunu yanıtlar. Cümleden çıkarırsan "Hangi kadın?" sorusu havada kalır.

Özne vs. Nesne Pozisyonu (B1) YDS: Çok Sık

Zamir cümlenin öznesi ise düşürülemez. Nesnesi ise defining clause'da düşürülebilir. Bu ayrım YDS'de en sık düşülen tuzaktır.

PozisyonYapıÖrnekZamir Düşer mi?
Öznewho/that/which + fiilThe man who/that called me is my uncle.✗ Düşmez
Nesne(who/whom/that/which) + özne + fiilThe book (which/that) I bought is great.✓ Düşer
B1 Örnekler — Pozisyon Analizi

The man who/that called me is my uncle. (who = özne, called = fiil → düşürülemez)

The book (that/which) I bought is fascinating. (I = özne, bought = fiil → that/which nesne, düşürülebilir)

This is the house where I was born. (where düşürülemez, yer zamiri)

The reason why she left is unclear. (why düşürülemez, sebep zamiri)

💡
that vs. which/whoDefining clause'da "that" her zaman kullanılabilir (kişi veya şey). Non-defining'de "that" KULLANAMAYIZ. Ayrıca "that" preposition'dan sonra asla gelmez: ✘ the man to that I spoke → ✔ the man to whom I spoke.
🚨 Sınav Uyarısı YDS'de "that" seçeneği her zaman defining clause'da doğrudur. Ancak non-defining clause'da (virgül varsa) "that" asla doğru olamaz. Virgül = that yasak!

Rewrite Alıştırması — Defining

1. "I met a woman. She is a famous writer." → Birleştir (defining)
I met a woman who/that is a famous writer.
2. "The car is very fast. My father bought the car." → Birleştir
The car (that/which) my father bought is very fast.
3. "The students passed the exam. They studied hard." → Birleştir
The students who/that studied hard passed the exam.

Alıştırma — Defining (A2-B1)

6 Soru
The student ___ passed the exam was very happy.
She works for a company ___ products are sold worldwide.
This is the restaurant ___ we had dinner last night.
The movie ___ I watched yesterday was boring. (zamir düşürülebilir)
The man ___ is talking to Mary is my boss. (özne)
The reason ___ she resigned is still unknown.
✅
Kendini Kontrol EtBu modülü tamamladıktan sonra şunu test et: "Virgül var mı?" Yoksa defining. "Zamir düşebilir mi?" Nesneyse evet, özneyse hayır.
02

Non-defining Relative Clauses

EK BİLGİ VERİCİ İLGİ CÜMLELERİ
B1B2 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Non-defining clause'u defining'den ayırt etmek (virgül testi)
  • That kullanım yasağını ve zamir düşürme yasağını içselleştirmek
  • Cümle ortasında ve sonunda non-defining clause kullanmak
  • Which'in cümle sonundaki özel kullanımını (sentence relative) öğrenmek
ÖzellikVİRGÜL VAR · "that" KULLANAMAYIZ · zamir DÜŞÜRÜLEMEZ
AnlamEk bilgi verir — çıkarılsa bile cümle anlamlı kalır
Altın KuralVirgül gördün mü? → that yok, düşürme yok, who/which/whose/when/where kullan

Temel Yapı (B1)

Non-defining clause, isim hakkında ek bilgi verir. İsim zaten tanımlıdır (tek eşsiz nesne, akraba, özel isim). Virgül ile ayrılır. Cümleden çıkarılırsa ana fikir bozulmaz.

B1 Örnekler

My sister, who lives in London, is visiting us next week.

Londra'da oturan kız kardeşim (= tek bir kız kardeşim var, ek bilgi)

The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris.

Eyfel Kulesi, 1889'da inşa edilmiştir, Paris'tedir. (Tek bir kule)

He gave me a book, which I found very interesting.

Bana bir kitap verdi, onu çok ilginç buldum. (which = the book)

Sentence Position (B2)

Non-defining clause cümlenin ortasında veya sonunda olabilir. Ortadaysa iki virgülle çevrelenir. Cümle sonundaki which bazen önceki tüm cümleyi referans alır (sentence relative).

✓ Doğru

My brother, who is a doctor, works in Istanbul.

Ankara, which is the capital, is very crowded.

He failed the exam, which surprised everyone. (which = tüm cümle)

✗ Yanlış

My brother that is a doctor works in Istanbul.

Ankara that is the capital is very crowded.

He failed the exam, that surprised everyone.

⚠
Virgül = Non-definingNon-defining'de "that" asla kullanılmaz! Ayrıca zamir düşürülemez. ✘ My sister, — lives in London → ✔ My sister, who lives in London
🧠
Hafıza TekniğiNon-defining = "Ek bilgi" = parantez gibi düşün. Virgül = parantez aç/kapa. Parantezin içindeki bilgi olmasa da cümle ayakta durur.

Sentence Relative: Which = Önceki Tüm Cümle (B2-C1)

Non-defining clause cümle sonunda ve which önceki tüm cümleyi veya fikri referans alabilir. Bu yapı YDS'de sık sorulur.

Sentence Relative Örnekler

She didn't study at all, which was obvious. (which = she didn't study at all)

The project was cancelled, which disappointed the team. (which = cancellation)

Rewrite Alıştırması — Non-defining

1. "My mother is a teacher. She lives in Ankara." → Birleştir (non-defining)
My mother, who is a teacher, lives in Ankara. veya My mother, who lives in Ankara, is a teacher.
2. "Istanbul is a beautiful city. It has a rich history." → Birleştir
Istanbul, which has a rich history, is a beautiful city.
3. "He lost his wallet. That was unfortunate." → Birleştir (which ile)
He lost his wallet, which was unfortunate.

Alıştırma — Non-defining (B1-B2)

4 Soru
"My brother, ___ is a doctor, works in Istanbul." — Non-defining, doğru zamir?
"The Blue Mosque, ___ was built in the 17th century, attracts many tourists."
Non-defining clause'da zamir düşürülebilir mi?
"He didn't call me back, ___ really annoyed me." (Önceki cümleyi referans alır)
03

Relative Pronouns & Adverbs

DETAYLI KULLANIM REHBERİ
A2B1B2 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Tüm relative pronoun'ların kullanım alanlarını haritalamak
  • Whose ve of which arasındaki nüans farkını kavramak
  • Where/when/why ile ilgili edat tuzaklarından kaçınmak
  • That kullanımının sınırlarını (non-defining, preposition) bilmek

Kapsamlı Karşılaştırma Tablosu

ZamirDefiningNon-definingDüşürülebilir mi?Örnek
who (özne)✓✓✗The man who called is here.
who/whom (nesne)✓✓✓ (defining'de)The man (whom) I met.
which (özne)✓✓✗The book which is on the table.
which (nesne)✓✓✓ (defining'de)The book (which) I read.
that✓✗✓ (nesne)The car that I bought.
whose✓✓✗The student whose bag was stolen.
where✓✓✗The city where I was born.
when✓✓✗The day when we met.
why✓✓✗The reason why she left.

whose vs. of which (B2) YDS: Orta

whose hem kişi hem de şey için kullanılabilir. of which daha formaldir ve genellikle şeyler için tercih edilir. YDS'de genellikle "whose" tercih edilir çünkü daha doğrudandır.

whose / of which

The company whose CEO resigned is in crisis. (= of which the CEO resigned)

A book the cover of which is red. (= whose cover is red)

The team whose players are injured will lose. (kişi → whose)

📌
YDS İpucu"whose" + isim yapısı en yaygın ve doğrudan kullanımdır. "of which" yapısı daha formal ve nadir görülür. Sınavda genellikle "whose" tercih edilir. Eğer "whose" seçeneği varsa, "of which" yerine onu işaretle.

Where / When / Why Detaylı Analiz

✓ Doğru Kullanım

The house where I live. (= in which)

The day when we met. (= on which)

The reason why he came. (= for which)

2010 when I graduated. (yıl → when)

✗ Yaygın Hata

The house where I live in. (edat tekrarı)

The reason why ... is because. (ikileme)

The day that I met him. (that kullanılabilir ama when daha doğru)

Alıştırma — Pronouns (A2-B2)

5 Soru
"The building ___ windows are broken will be repaired."
"July is the month ___ most people go on holiday."
"The reason ___ he failed was his lack of effort."
"The man ___ car was stolen reported it to the police."
"That is the school ___ I studied for six years."
04

Reduced Relative Clauses

KISALTILMIŞ İLGİ CÜMLELERİ
B2C1 YDS: Çok Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Active ve passive reduced clause'ları ayırt etmek ve oluşturmak
  • Ordinal + to-infinitive yapısını (C1) tanımak ve kullanmak
  • Having been + V3 yapısını (perfect passive participle) kavramak
  • YDS metinlerinde reduced clause'ları hızlıca tanımlamak
Active → Participle (-ing)The man who is sitting there → The man sitting there
Passive → Past Participle (V3)The book which was written by him → The book written by him
Defining → to-infThe first person who arrived → The first person to arrive
Perfect Passive (C1)The car which had been damaged → The car having been damaged

Active Reduction (B2)

Relative clause'daki who/which + be yapısı düşürülür ve fiil -ing (present participle) alır. Bu yapı cümleyi daha akıcı ve formal hale getirir.

Active Örnekler

The woman wearing a red dress is my aunt. (= who is wearing)

Anyone wanting to leave early should tell me. (= who wants)

The students studying in the library are very focused. (= who are studying)

Passive Reduction (B2)

who/which + be + V3 yapısı düşürülür ve sadece V3 (past participle) kalır.

Passive Örnekler

The letter sent yesterday arrived today. (= which was sent)

The instructions given to us were very clear. (= which were given)

Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. (= which are made)

Perfect Passive Participle (C1) YDS: Orta

Having been + V3 yapısı, relative clause'daki eylemin ana cümledeki eylemden önce gerçekleştiğini belirtir. YDS'de nadir ama zorlayıcı bir yapıdır.

Perfect Passive Örnekler

The car, having been damaged in the accident, was sold for parts. (= which had been damaged)

The documents, having been signed by all parties, were filed. (= which had been signed)

To-infinitive with Ordinals (C1) YDS: Yüksek

the first, the last, the only, the best, the worst, the next + noun yapısından sonra relative clause to-infinitive ile kısaltılır. Bu yapı YDS/YÖKDİL'de sık sorulur.

To-inf Örnekler

She was the last person to leave the building. (= who left)

He is the only one to know the truth. (= who knows)

The next train to arrive is from Ankara. (= which will arrive)

He was the first candidate to be selected for the interview. (= who was selected)

🎓 YDS'de Sık Çıkan Kısaltma Yapısı
  1. Relative clause → Participial phrase: who is running → running
  2. Passive relative → Past participle: which was damaged → damaged
  3. Ordinal + defining → to-inf: the only one who knows → the only one to know
  4. Preposition + V-ing: The man who is looking after → The man looking after
  5. Perfect passive: which had been stolen → having been stolen
🧠
Hafıza Tekniği"Be" fiili düşer, geriye ne kalırsa onu yaz. Active → -ing (yapan). Passive → V3 (yapılan). Ordinal → to (sıralama).

Rewrite Alıştırması — Reduced

1. "The students who are waiting outside should come in." → Kısalt
The students waiting outside should come in.
2. "The documents which were signed yesterday are important." → Kısalt
The documents signed yesterday are important.
3. "She was the first person who finished the exam." → Kısalt
She was the first person to finish the exam.
4. "The bridge which had been destroyed in the war was rebuilt." → Kısalt (C1)
The bridge, having been destroyed in the war, was rebuilt.

Alıştırma — Reduced RC (B2-C1)

5 Soru
"The car which was parked outside..." → Reduced: "The car ___ outside..."
"The man who is talking to Jane..." → Reduced: "The man ___ to Jane..."
"He was the only one who understood." → Reduced: "He was the only one ___ ."
"The letter which had been written in ink..." → Reduced (C1): "The letter ___ in ink..."
"The goods which are produced here..." → Reduced: "The goods ___ here..."
05

Preposition + whom / which

EDAT + WHOM/WHICH
B2C1 YDS: Çok Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Formal ve informal yapı arasındaki farkı anlamak
  • Fiil-edat eşleştirmesini yaparak doğru zamir seçmek
  • Preposition + whom/which yapısını YDS metinlerinde tanımak
  • Edatın cümle sonunda veya zamir öncesinde kullanımını kavramak
InformalThe person who I spoke to was helpful.
FormalThe person to whom I spoke was helpful.
Şey içinThe company for which she works is famous.
YDS KuralıPreposition + who ✗ · Preposition + whom/which ✓ · Preposition + that ✗

Resmi yazılı dilde ve özellikle YDS metinlerinde preposition + whom/which yapısı sıkça karşılaşılır. "who" preposition'dan önce gelemez; "whom" gelir. That ise preposition'dan sonra asla gelmez.

Yaygın Edatlar ve Anlamları

YapıAnlamFiil KaynağıÖrnek
to whom-e, -aspeak to, write to, talk toThe man to whom I spoke.
with whomile birliktework with, collaborate withThe colleague with whom she worked.
from whom-den, -danlearn from, hear fromThe professor from whom I learned.
for whichiçinwork for, responsible forThe reason for which he came.
in which-de, -dalive in, invest inThe house in which he lives.
on whichüzerindebased on, depend onThe research on which it is based.
by whomtarafındanwritten by, directed byThe scientist by whom the discovery was made.
at which-de, -daarrive at, look atThe airport at which we arrived.
Formal Örnekler

The professor from whom I learned the most retired last year.

The research on which the report is based was conducted in 2020.

The colleague with whom she collaborated won an award.

The problem about which we are talking is serious.

The candidate for whom I voted lost the election.

📝
YDS/YÖKDİL StratejisiPreposition + whom/which sorusunda edatın anlamını dikkate alın. "speak to" → "to whom", "learn from" → "from whom", "work with" → "with whom". Edat fiilin anlamından gelir! Seçeneklerde hem edat hem zamir birlikte veriliyorsa (to whom, for which), bu doğru cevap olma olasılığı çok yüksektir.
🧠
Hafıza Tekniği"Preposition + who" diye bir şey yok. Who = özne, preposition nesne ister → whom. Şeylerde which. That preposition'dan sonra asla gelmez.

Alıştırma — Preposition (B2-C1)

5 Soru
"The scientist ___ the discovery was made is famous." (formal)
"The house ___ I was born has been demolished." (formal)
"The company ___ she works is multinational." (formal)
"The candidate ___ I voted was very experienced." (formal)
"The research ___ this article is based was published in Nature."
06

Advanced Structures

İLERİ SEVİYE YAPILAR
B2C1 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Quantifier + of whom/which yapısını güvenle kullanmak
  • Noun clause (what) ile Relative clause (which/that) arasındaki kritik ayrımı yapmak
  • The way, all/everything, ve özel yapıların relative clause kurallarını bilmek
  • Contact clauses (zamirsiz relative clause) kullanımını pekiştirmek

Quantifiers + of whom / of which (C1) YDS: Yüksek

Bazı, birçoğu, hiçbiri gibi quantifier'lar relative clause'da some of whom, many of which, none of whom yapısıyla kullanılır. Bu yapı non-defining'de sık görülür ve virgülle ayrılır.

Quantifier Örnekler

She has three sisters, none of whom lives nearby.

Üç kız kardeşi var, hiçbiri yakında yaşamıyor.

He gave several reasons, most of which were invalid.

Birkaç sebep verdi, çoğu geçersizdi.

The team has 11 players, some of whom are injured.

Takımda 11 oyuncu var, bazıları sakat.

I have two brothers, both of whom are doctors.

İki erkek kardeşim var, ikisi de doktor.

Pattern Recognition — Quantifier Kalıpları
all of whom/which

hepsi

some of whom/which

bazıları

many of whom/which

çoğu

most of whom/which

çoğu

none of whom/which

hiçbiri

both of whom

ikisi de

each of whom

her biri

either of whom

ikisinden biri

Noun Clause vs. Relative Clause (B2-C1) YDS: Çok Yüksek

Öğrenciler sıklıkla what (noun clause) ile which/that (relative clause) karıştırır. What cümle içinde özne veya nesne görevi görür; önünde isim yoktur. Which/that ise bir ismi niteler.

Relative Clause (isim var)

I read the book which you recommended.

She told me the reason why she left.

This is the place where I work.

Noun Clause (isim yok)

I read what you recommended. (= the thing that)

She told me what happened. (= the thing that happened)

This is what I want. (= the thing that I want)

🔑
Kritik Ayrım"What" asla bir isimden sonra gelmez. Eğer önünde isim (the book, the reason, the place) varsa "what" kullanamazsın. İsim yoksa "which/that" kullanamazsın!

The reason why / that / for which

The reason why en yaygın kullanımdır. That veya for which de kullanılabilir. Günümüz İngilizcesinde "why" bazen düşürülür ama YDS'de "the reason why" en güvenli seçenektir.

reason Örnekler

The reason (why/that) she resigned is unclear.

The reason for which he came was obvious. (formal)

The reason why I called is that I need help. (reason + that clause)

Contact Clauses (Zamirsiz Relative) YDS: Orta

Defining clause'da nesne pozisyonunda zamir düşürüldüğünde buna contact clause denir. Bu yapı İngilizcede çok yaygındır ve YDS'de sıklıkla görülür.

Contact Clause Örnekler

The book I bought is great. (= The book that I bought)

The man I met was kind. (= The man whom I met)

Everything I own is yours. (= Everything that I own)

🎓 C1 Seviye — YDS/YÖKDİL İpuçları
  1. Quantifier + of whom/which yapısında virgül öncesindeki isim çoğul olmalıdır.
  2. What asla bir isimden sonra gelmez; which/that gelir.
  3. The way (that/in which) she speaks = Nasıl konuştuğu. "The way how" ✗ YANLIŞ.
  4. All (that) I need = İhtiyacım olan her şey. All'dan sonra "what" kullanılmaz.
  5. Contact clause'da zamir yoktur ama anlam vardır. YDS'de boşluktan sonra doğrudan özne geliyorsa zamir düşmüştür.

Alıştırma — Advanced (B2-C1)

5 Soru
"He has two brothers, ___ are doctors."
"I understand ___ you are saying, but I disagree."
"All ___ glitters is not gold."
"The way ___ he solved the problem was clever."
"She bought several books, ___ were bestsellers."
07

Common Errors & Exam Traps

SINAV TUZAKLARI VE YAYGIN HATALAR
A2B1B2C1 YDS: Çok Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • YDS/YÖKDİL/YDT'de en sık tekrarlanan 12 kritik hatayı tanımak
  • Error correction (hata düzeltme) becerisini geliştirmek
  • "The reason... is because" ve "the way how" gibi ikilem tuzaklarından kaçınmak
  • Edat tekrarı ve zamir tekrarı hatalarını tespit etmek

Aşağıdaki tablo, YDS/YÖKDİL/YDT sınavlarında en sık karşılaşılan 12 kritik hatayı ve doğru kullanımları karşılaştırmalı olarak sunar. Bu tuzakları ezberlemek puanınızı doğrudan etkiler.

#Yanlış (✗)Doğru (✓)Açıklama
1My brother, that lives in London...My brother, who lives in London...Non-defining'de that yasak.
2The man who I spoke to him...The man (who/whom) I spoke to...Zamir + zamir tekrarı olmaz.
3The reason why he came is because...The reason why he came is that...Reason + because ✗ (karmaşa).
4The way how he did it...The way (that/in which) he did it...The way + how ✗ (ikileme).
5Everything what he said...Everything (that) he said...Everything/All + what ✗.
6The house where I live in...The house (that/which) I live in... / The house where I live...Where = in/at which (edat tekrarı ✗).
7She is the woman whose I met...She is the woman (who/whom) I met...whose + isim gerekir.
8The first person who arrived → kısaltma unutulurThe first person to arrive...Ordinal + to-inf (C1 tuzağı).
9The car — is red is mine. (non-defining)The car, which is red, is mine.Non-defining'de zamir düşmez.
10The man to who I spoke...The man to whom I spoke...Prep + who ✗; Prep + whom ✓.
11All what I need is love.All (that) I need is love.All + what ✗; All + that ✓.
12The house which I was born...The house where/in which I was born...Be born fiili in/at gerektirir.
⚠
En Tehlikeli Tuzak: "The reason... is because"Türkçe'de "sebebi ... olduğu için" mantığıyla kurulan bu cümle İngilizce'de yanlıştır. "The reason why... is that" kullanılır. YDS'de her yıl en az bir soru bu yapıdan gelir.

Error Correction Alıştırması

Hata 1
"The reason why he failed is because he didn't study."
The reason why he failed is that he didn't study.
Hata 2
"My sister, that lives in Ankara, is a teacher."
My sister, who lives in Ankara, is a teacher.
Hata 3
"The house where I live in is big."
The house where I live is big. / The house which I live in is big.
Hata 4
"I understand which you mean."
I understand what you mean.

Alıştırma — Exam Traps (Tüm Seviyeler)

5 Soru
"The reason ___ he was late ___ the traffic was heavy."
"___ he told me was a lie."
"The hotel ___ we stayed was very expensive." (Dikkat: edat!)
"The way ___ she solved the problem was clever."
"The man ___ car was stolen is my neighbor."
08

Sentence Transformation

CÜMLE DÖNÜŞTÜRME ALIŞTIRMALARI
B1B2C1 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • İki basit cümleyi relative clause ile birleştirmek
  • Defining ↔ Non-defining dönüşümü yapmak
  • Active ↔ Passive reduced dönüşümü yapmak
  • Formal ↔ Informal dönüşümü yapmak

YDS ve YÖKDİL'de cümle birleştirme soruları (sentence transformation) relative clauses konusunun en temel uygulama alanıdır. Aşağıdaki alıştırmalarla bu beceriyi pekiştireceksiniz.

Basit Cümleleri Birleştirme (B1-B2)

Soru 1 — Defining
"I met a woman. She is a famous scientist." → I met a woman ___ .
who/that is a famous scientist
Soru 2 — Non-defining
"Ankara is the capital. It is very crowded." → Ankara, ___ .
which is the capital, is very crowded / which is very crowded, is the capital
Soru 3 — Nesne Pozisyonu
"The car is very fast. My father bought the car." → The car ___ .
(that/which) my father bought is very fast.

Reduced Clause Dönüşümü (B2-C1)

Soru 4 — Active
"The students who are waiting outside should come in." → The students ___ .
waiting outside should come in.
Soru 5 — Passive
"The documents which were signed yesterday are important." → The documents ___ .
signed yesterday are important.
Soru 6 — To-inf (C1)
"She was the first person who finished the exam." → She was the first person ___ .
to finish the exam.

Formal ↔ Informal Dönüşümü (B2-C1)

Soru 7 — Formal
"The person who I spoke to was helpful." (Formal yap) → The person ___ .
to whom I spoke was helpful.
Soru 8 — Formal
"The company which she works for is famous." (Formal yap) → The company ___ .
for which she works is famous.
Strateji: Cümle Birleştirmede Adım Adım Yaklaşım
  • Adım 1: Ortak ismi bul (iki cümledeki aynı kelime).
  • Adım 2: Ortak ismin ikinci cümledeki görevini belirle (özne mi, nesne mi?).
  • Adım 3: Zamir seç: Kişi → who/whom/that, Şey → which/that, Yer → where, Zaman → when.
  • Adım 4: Virgül kontrolü: Ek bilgi mi? → virgül + that yasak. Belirleyici mi? → virgül yok.
  • Adım 5: Kısaltma var mı? → be varsa düşür, -ing/V3/to-inf kullan.
09

Mixed Practice

KARIŞIK PRATİK — TÜM YAPILAR
B1B2C1 YDS: Yüksek
Bu Modülde Öğrenecekleriniz
  • Tüm relative clause yapılarını karışık olarak tanımak
  • Cloze test formatında hızlı ve doğru zamir seçimi yapmak
  • Paraphrase (farklı ifade etme) becerisini geliştirmek
  • Sınav baskısı altında doğru karar verme hızını artırmak

Bu bölümde A2'den C1'e tüm relative clause yapılarını içeren karışık alıştırmalar bulacaksınız. Her soru farklı bir yapıyı test eder. Soruları çözerken "Bu soru hangi yapıyı test ediyor?" diye düşünün.

Karışık Alıştırma — Cloze Test (B1-C1)

10 Soru
1. The scientist ___ discovered penicillin won a Nobel Prize.
2. The painting ___ was stolen last year has been found.
3. My brother, ___ lives in London, is visiting us. (non-defining)
4. The house ___ I was born is very old. (formal)
5. He was the only one ___ the answer. (to-inf)
6. The letter ___ yesterday arrived today. (passive reduced)
7. She has three cars, ___ are red. (quantifier)
8. ___ you need is more practice. (noun clause)
9. The man ___ to the manager was angry. (active reduced)
10. All ___ glitters is not gold. (exception)
🎯
Performans KontrolüBu 10 soruyu 5 dakikadan kısa sürede ve en fazla 2 hata ile bitirebiliyorsan, relative clauses konusunda B2 seviyesine ulaşmış sayılırsın. 3+ hata varsa zayıf modülleri tekrar et.

Mega Quiz — 30 Soru

Aşağıdaki sorular YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT formatında hazırlanmıştır. Soruları çözdükçe ilerleme çubuğu dolar. Tüm soruları tamamladıktan sonra "Sonuçları Gör" butonuna basın.

Sınav Stratejisi
  • Her soruda önce virgül olup olmadığına bak. Virgül varsa that ve düşürme yok.
  • Önünde isim varsa what kullanamazsın. İsim yoksa which/that kullanamazsın.
  • Edat varsa (to, for, with, from, by) whom/which kullan, who/that kullanma.
  • Ordinal (first, last, only) görürsen aklına to-infinitive gelsin.
  • "The reason... is because" ve "the way how" seçeneklerini hemen ele.

Relative Clauses — YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT

1. "The man ___ I met yesterday was very kind." — Nesne pozisyonu, düşürülmemiş
2. "Paris, ___ I have always wanted to visit, is beautiful." — Non-defining, şehir
3. "The student ___ essay won the prize was delighted." — İyelik
4. Reduced: "The report ___ last week was very useful." (written)
5. Formal: "The scientist ___ the discovery was made is famous."
6. "She has two brothers, ___ are doctors."
7. "The reason ___ he resigned ___ still unknown."
8. "The car ___ is red belongs to my uncle." — Non-defining
9. "He was the first candidate ___ for the interview."
10. "The way ___ he handled the situation impressed everyone."
11. "The building ___ windows are broken will be repaired."
12. "July is the month ___ most people go on holiday."
13. "The company ___ she works is multinational." (formal)
14. "All ___ glitters is not gold."
15. "The instructions ___ to us were very clear." (given)
16. "The man ___ to Jane is my boss." (talking)
17. "I understand ___ you mean, but I disagree."
18. "The hotel ___ we stayed was very expensive." (edat!)
19. "The documents ___ yesterday are important." (signed)
20. "My brother, ___ lives in London, is a pilot."
21. "He didn't call me back, ___ really annoyed me." (sentence relative)
22. "The candidate ___ I voted was very experienced." (formal)
23. "She bought several books, ___ were bestsellers."
24. "The bridge, ___ in the war, was rebuilt." (perfect passive)
25. "That is the school ___ I studied for six years."
26. "The man ___ car was stolen reported it to the police."
27. "Everything ___ he said was true."
28. "The research ___ this article is based was published in Nature."
29. "The goods ___ in this factory are exported." (produced)
30. "The letter ___ in ink was difficult to read." (written)
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