Ünite 5 · Comprehensive Study Guide
Noun Clauses &
Reported Speech
A2'den C1'e kadar tüm seviyeler için kapsamlı rehber. that / wh / if-whether noun clause yapıları, dolaylı anlatım, backshift, reporting verbs ve sınav stratejileri.
0Alt Konu
0Alıştırma
0Flashcard
0Sınav Sorusu
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Noun Clause Altın KuralıNoun clause bir cümlede özne, nesne veya tümleç görevi görür. Noun clause içinde soru söz dizimi (yardımcı fiil önde) kullanılmaz! ✘ I wonder where is she → ✔ I wonder where she is.
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Flashcard Modu — Noun Clauses & Reported Speech
24 kart · A2'den C1'e tüm yapılar
01
that-clauses
THAT İLE İSİM CÜMLELERİ
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: that-clause'un cümledeki üç temel görevi (özne, nesne, tümleç), that'in düşürülmesi kuralları, duygu ve düşünce fiilleriyle kullanımı, ve A2'den C1'e örnekler.
Temel Yapı A2
Nesne (object)I know that she is talented.
Özne (subject)That he lied is obvious. / It is obvious that he lied.
TümleçThe truth is that we failed.
Özne (subject)That he lied is obvious. / It is obvious that he lied.
TümleçThe truth is that we failed.
A2 Günlük konuşmada "that" genellikle düşürülür: I know (that) she is talented. Resmi yazılı dilde kullanmak daha doğrudur.
Duygu & Düşünce Fiilleri B1
believethinkknowsayhopefearsuggestadmitdenyclaim
Örnek Cümleler — Seviyelere Göre
A2 She believes that he is honest.
O'nun dürüst olduğuna inanıyor.
B1 They admitted that they had made a mistake.
Hata yaptıklarını itiraf ettiler.
B2 It is imperative that he be informed immediately. (subjunctive)
Onun derhal bilgilendirilmesi zorunludur.
C1 The suggestion that the project be cancelled was rejected.
Projenin iptal edilmesi önerisi reddedildi.
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that Düşürme Kurallarıthat nesne pozisyonunda ve günlük konuşmada düşürülebilir. Özne pozisyonunda asla düşürülmez: ✘ He is guilty is obvious. → ✔ That he is guilty is obvious.
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C1 Notu: Subjunctive Mood"It is important / necessary / essential / imperative that..." yapılarından sonra subjunctive kullanılır: fiil hep base form (be) kalır. ✘ It is important that he is here → ✔ It is important that he be here.
Alıştırma — that-clause
Boşluk Doldurma
4 Soru"He is guilty." → Everyone knows ___ he is guilty.
___ she won the competition surprised us all.
It is essential that she ___ on time. (subjunctive)
They denied ___ they had stolen the data.
02
wh-clauses
WH KELİMELİ İSİM CÜMLELERİ
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: wh-clause'ların söz dizimi kuralları, soru cümlesi ile noun clause arasındaki fark, who/what/which/whose kullanımı, ve karmaşık wh-clause yapıları.
Altın Kural A2-B1
Formülwh-word + S + V (soru söz dizimi değil!)
Örnekler I know where she lives. (✘ where does she live)
Tell me what happened. (✘ what did happen)
Örnekler I know where she lives. (✘ where does she live)
Tell me what happened. (✘ what did happen)
| WH Kelimesi | Direct Speech | Noun Clause (wh) | Seviye |
|---|---|---|---|
| where | Where does she live? | I wonder where she lives. | A2 |
| what | What did he say? | I don't know what he said. | A2 |
| why | Why is she late? | Nobody knows why she is late. | B1 |
| who | Who did she meet? | Tell me who she met. | B1 |
| whose | Whose car is this? | I don't know whose car this is. | B2 |
| how long | How long have you lived here? | She asked how long I had lived there. | B2 |
| what + noun | What kind of music do you like? | Tell me what kind of music you like. | C1 |
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Özel Durum: what/who özne olduğunda"What happened?" veya "Who came?" gibi cümlelerde what/who zaten öznedir, dolayısıyla yapı değişmez: I don't know what happened. (✘ what did happen)
İleri Seviye Örnekler
B2 I can't decide which route we should take.
Hangi rotayı almamız gerektiğine karar veremiyorum.
C1 The issue is whose responsibility it is to fix this.
Mesele bunu düzeltmenin kimin sorumluluğunda olduğu.
Alıştırma — wh-clause söz dizimi
Boşluk Doldurma
4 Soru"Where does he work?" → I don't know where he ___.
"What time is it?" → Can you tell me what time it ___?
"Who broke the window?" → Nobody knows who ___ the window.
"Whose book is this?" → I wonder whose book this ___.
03
if / whether
EVET/HAYIR SORU → NOUN CLAUSE
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: Evet/hayır sorularının noun clause'a çevrilmesi, if ve whether arasındaki nüans farkları, formal vs informal kullanım, ve C1 seviyesi "whether...or not" yapıları.
Temel Yapı A2
Evet/Hayır soru → noun clauseI wonder if/whether she is coming.
whether...or notI don't know whether or not he passed. / whether he passed or not.
whether...or notI don't know whether or not he passed. / whether he passed or not.
if vs. whether — Detaylı Karşılaştırma B1-C1
| Durum | if | whether | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nesne pozisyonu | ✓ | ✓ | I don't know if/whether he'll come. |
| Özne pozisyonu | ✗ | ✓ | Whether he comes is unclear. |
| Preposition sonrası | ✗ | ✓ | It depends on whether we have time. |
| Infinitive ile | ✗ | ✓ | I can't decide whether to stay. |
| "or not" doğrudan | ✗ | ✓ | Whether or not he passes... |
| "or" seçenekleriyle | ✗ | ✓ | I don't know whether to laugh or cry. |
| Formal yazı | informal | formal | The committee will decide whether... |
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if vs. whetherCümle başında yalnızca "whether" kullanılır. "if" sadece nesne pozisyonunda. ✘ If she comes is unclear → ✔ Whether she comes is unclear.
Seviyelere Göre Örnekler
A2 I don't know if she is at home.
B1 She asked me whether I had finished my homework.
B2 The problem is whether we can afford such an expensive car.
C1 Whether or not the allegations are true, the damage to his reputation is irreversible.
Alıştırma
Boşluk Doldurma
3 Soru"Is she coming?" → I'm not sure ___ she is coming or not.
___ they approve the plan remains to be seen.
She couldn't decide ___ to accept the offer.
04
Backshift — Zaman Kayması
REPORTED SPEECH ZAMAN DEĞİŞİMLERİ
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: Direct speech'ten reported speech'e geçerken zaman değişimleri (backshift), modal değişimleri, zaman ve yer zarflarının değişimi, ve backshift'in zorunlu olmadığı durumlar.
Temel Kural B1
KuralReporting verb geçmiş zamandaysa (said/told), zaman bir adım geriye kayar.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Seviye |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past | B1 |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | B1 |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | B1 |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | B1 |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | B2 |
| will | would | B1 |
| can | could | B1 |
| may | might | B1 |
| must (zorunluluk) | had to | B2 |
| must (tahmin) | must (değişmez) | B2 |
| shall | should / would | B2 |
Zaman & Yer İfadelerinin Değişimi B1
| Direct | Reported | Seviye |
|---|---|---|
| now | then / at that moment | B1 |
| today | that day | B1 |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day | B1 |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | B1 |
| next week | the following week | B1 |
| last year | the year before / the previous year | B2 |
| here | there | B1 |
| this | that | B1 |
| these | those | B1 |
| ago | before / earlier | B2 |
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Backshift Zorunlu Değil!Eğer söylenen şey hâlâ geçerliyse veya genel bir doğruysa, backshift yapılmayabilir: "The Earth is round." → He said (that) the Earth is round. (Genel doğru → değişmez)
Kapsamlı Örnekler
A2 "I am tired." → She said she was tired.
B1 "I have finished." → He said he had finished.
B1 "I will call you tomorrow." → He said he would call me the next day.
B2 "I was watching TV when she arrived." → He said he had been watching TV when she arrived.
C1 "You must be joking." (tahmin) → She said he must be joking.
C1 "You must finish this." (zorunluluk) → She said I had to finish that.
Alıştırma — Backshift
Boşluk Doldurma
5 Soru"I am tired." → She said (that) she ___ tired.
"I will call you." → He said he ___ call me.
"We finished it yesterday." → They said they ___ it the day before.
"I can swim." → She said she ___ swim.
"I must leave now." (zorunluluk) → He said he ___ to leave then.
05
Reporting Verbs
HABER AKTARMA FİİLLERİ
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: Reporting verb çeşitleri (that, to-inf, -ing, wh- yapıları), say/tell/talk/speak ayrımı, duygu ve düşünce fiilleri, ve C1 seviyesi nuans farkları.
Yapı Tablosu B1-B2
| Yapı | Fiiller | Örnek | Seviye |
|---|---|---|---|
| V + (that) | say, claim, admit, deny, explain, agree, suggest, insist | He said (that) he was tired. | B1 |
| V + O + (that) | tell, remind, warn, convince, assure, inform | She told me that she would come. | B1 |
| V + to-inf | promise, offer, refuse, agree, threaten, claim | He promised to help. | B1 |
| V + O + to-inf | ask, tell, advise, warn, encourage, order, remind | She told him to leave. | B1 |
| V + -ing | admit, deny, suggest, recommend, consider | He denied stealing the money. | B2 |
| V + preposition + -ing | accuse sb of, suspect sb of, congratulate sb on | They accused him of lying. | B2 |
| V + wh- | ask, wonder, know, explain, decide | She explained how it worked. | B2 |
say (söylemek)
say + that-clause
say + something
✘ say me
✘ say me that
tell (anlatmak)
tell + object + that
tell + object + to-inf
tell + object + about
✘ tell that
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say vs. tellsay (söylemek) + that-clause. tell (anlatmak) + object + that-clause. ✘ He said me that → ✔ He told me that / He said that
Seviyelere Göre Örnekler
A2 He said (that) he was hungry.
B1 She promised to call me back.
B2 The manager encouraged us to work harder.
B2 They accused him of committing fraud.
C1 She insisted that he come early. (subjunctive)
Alıştırma — Reporting Verbs
Boşluk Doldurma
4 Soru"I will help you." → He ___ to help me.
"Don't touch that!" → She ___ me not to touch that.
"I didn't take the money." → He denied ___ the money.
"You stole my idea!" → She ___ him of stealing her idea.
06
Soru → Dolaylı Anlatım
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: wh-sorularının ve evet/hayır sorularının dolaylı anlatıma çevrilmesi, soru işareti kullanımı, ask/wonder/want to know yapıları, ve özel soru tipleri.
Temel Yapılar B1
wh-soru → dolaylıHe asked where she lived. (soru söz dizimi yok)
evet/hayır soru → dolaylıShe asked if/whether I had eaten.
Soru → Dolaylı (ask)ask/wonder/want to know + wh / if + S + V
evet/hayır soru → dolaylıShe asked if/whether I had eaten.
Soru → Dolaylı (ask)ask/wonder/want to know + wh / if + S + V
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Soru İşareti Yok!Indirect question'larda soru işareti kullanılmaz. Cümle nokta (.) ile biter: He asked where she was. (✘ He asked where she was?)
| Direct Question | Indirect Question | Seviye |
|---|---|---|
| "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. | B1 |
| "Have you finished?" | She asked if I had finished. | B1 |
| "What time will she arrive?" | I wondered what time she would arrive. | B2 |
| "Why did they leave?" | Nobody knew why they had left. | B2 |
| "Are you coming or not?" | She asked whether I was coming or not. | C1 |
| "Who broke this?" | He wanted to know who had broken it. | B1 |
İleri Seviye Örnekler
B2 Do you know how often the bus runs?
Otobüsün ne sıklıkla kalktığını biliyor musun? (embedded question)
C1 I have no idea what he was talking about.
Ne hakkında konuştuğu hakkında hiçbir fikrim yok.
Alıştırma — Indirect Questions
Boşluk Doldurma
4 Soru"Why is he late?" → She asked why he ___.
"Did she pass?" → He wanted to know ___ she had passed.
"What are you doing?" → He asked me what I ___.
"Will they come?" → She wondered ___ they would come.
07
Yaygın Hatalar
COMMON MISTAKES & TRAPS
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: Öğrencilerin en sık yaptığı hatalar, yanlış/ doğru karşılaştırmaları, ve sınav tuzakları.
| ❌ Yanlış | ✔ Doğru |
|---|---|
| I don't know where is she. | I don't know where she is. |
| He said me that... | He told me that... / He said that... |
| She asked me where do I live. | She asked me where I lived. |
| If she comes is unclear. | Whether she comes is unclear. |
| He denied to steal. | He denied stealing. |
| She promised me to help. | She promised to help me. |
| I asked him that he was okay. | I asked him if/whether he was okay. |
| He said he will go. | He said he would go. |
| Tell me what did happen. | Tell me what happened. |
| She suggested me to go. | She suggested going. / She suggested that I go. |
Sınav Tuzakları — Dikkat!
- "suggest" yapısı: suggest + -ing veya suggest + that + subjunctive. Asla "suggest me to go" değil!
- "promise" yapısı: promise + to-inf. Asla "promise me to go" değil, "promise to go" veya "promise me that..."
- "ask" yapısı: ask + if/whether (soru) veya ask + object + to-inf (rica/emir). "Ask that" kullanımı nadirdir.
- Backshift istisnası: Genel doğrular ve hâlâ geçerli olan durumlarda backshift zorunlu değildir.
- "must" iki yüzlü: Zorunluluk → had to; Tahmin → must (değişmez)
Alıştırma — Hata Düzeltme
Yanlış cümleyi düzelt
3 SoruHe said me that he was busy. → He ___ me that he was busy.
She denied to steal the money. → She denied ___ the money.
I don't know if she comes is true. → I don't know ___ she comes is true.
08
Sınav İpuçları
YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT STRATEJİLERİ
Bu modülde öğreneceklerin: Sınav sorularını çözme stratejileri, zaman kazandıran ipuçları, en sık çıkan konu başlıkları, ve son dakika tekrar listesi.
Strateji 1: Önce Yapıyı Belirle
Soruyu çözerken önce boşluktan önceki fiilin yapısını belirleyin. Say mi, tell mi, yoksa suggest mi? Her fiilin kendine özgü yapısı vardır.
Strateji 2: Soru Söz Dizimi Testi
Eğer cümlede wh/if/whether görüyorsanız, hemen sonra yardımcı fiil (do/does/did/will) var mı diye kontrol edin. Varsa yanlıştır! wh/if/whether + S + V olmalı.
Strateji 3: Backshift Kontrolü
Reporting verb geçmişte mi? (said, told, admitted) Öyleyse zaman bir adım geri gider. Ama genel doğruysa (scientific facts, habits) değişmez!
Strateji 4: whether vs if
Cümle başında, preposition'dan sonra, infinitive'den önce, "or not" ile birlikte → her zaman whether.
En Sık Çıkan Konular
YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT — Sık Sorulan Yapılar
- Subjunctive after "suggest/insist/propose": It is suggested that he be promoted.
- deny + V-ing: He denied having seen her before.
- accuse sb of + V-ing: She was accused of leaking confidential information.
- whether + to-inf: I can't decide whether to accept the job offer.
- Indirect questions — no inversion: Do you know what time it is?
- Backshift with conditionals: "If I were you..." → He said if he were me... (type 2 değişmez!)
- must (tahmin) değişmez: She said she must have left her keys at home.
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YDS İstatistiğiNoun clauses ve reported speech, YDS'de ortalama 3-4 soru olarak çıkar. Bu konular gramer sorularının %15-20'sini oluşturur. Backshift ve reporting verbs en yüksek soru dağılımına sahiptir.
09
Özet & Tekrar
SUMMARY & CHEAT SHEET
Bu modülde bulacakların: Tüm konuların tek sayfada özeti, hızlı başvuru tabloları, ve son tekrar listesi.
Hızlı Başvuru Tablosu
| Konu | Kural | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| that-clause | that + S + V; nesnede düşürülebilir | I know (that) he is here. |
| wh-clause | wh + S + V (soru söz dizimi yok) | I know where he lives. |
| if/whether | Evet/hayır → if/whether + S + V | I wonder if he knows. |
| Backshift | Geçmişteki reporting → zaman geri | said → was/had/would |
| say | say + that (obje yok) | He said (that) he was tired. |
| tell | tell + obje + that | He told me (that) he was tired. |
| promise | promise + to-inf | He promised to help. |
| deny | deny + -ing | He denied stealing it. |
| suggest | suggest + -ing / that + subjunctive | He suggested going. / that we go. |
| Indirect Q | ask + wh/if + S + V (no ?) | He asked where I was. |
C1 Seviyesi — Tüm Yapılar Bir Arada
The manager suggested that the report be submitted before Friday, but nobody knew whether it would be possible given the tight schedule.
Son Tekrar Kontrol Listesi
- Noun clause'da soru söz dizimi yok: where she is (✓) / where is she (✗)
- Cümle başında whether, nesnede if/whether
- Backshift: present → past, will → would, can → could
- say + that (obje yok) / tell + obje + that
- promise/offer/refuse + to-inf
- deny/admit/suggest + -ing
- accuse/warn/remind + obje + of/about/to
- Indirect question'da soru işareti yok
- Subjunctive: important/essential/necessary that + base form
- must (tahmin) backshift olmaz; must (zorunluluk) → had to
Mega Quiz — 20 Soru
Noun Clauses & Reported Speech — YDS / YÖKDİL / YDT
1. "I know where ___ ." — Doğru noun clause söz dizimi?
2. "I am busy." → She said she ___ busy.
3. "I will help you." → He promised ___ help me.
4. "___ she passes or not doesn't matter to me." — Cümle başında if/whether?
5. "Why did they leave?" → Nobody knew why they ___.
6. He ___ me that he would be late.
7. She denied ___ the money.
8. "Can you help me?" → She asked me ___ I could help her.
9. It is essential that he ___ informed immediately.
10. "I must leave now." (zorunluluk) → He said he ___ to leave then.
11. They ___ him of lying to the committee.
12. I can't decide ___ to accept the offer or reject it.
13. "Where are you going?" → He asked me where ___ .
14. She suggested ___ a break.
15. "I have never been there." → She said she ___ never been there.
16. The teacher encouraged us ___ harder.
17. ___ the allegations are true or not, the damage is done.
18. "I can swim." → She said she ___ swim.
19. Do you know ___ time it is?
20. He ___ to me that he had made a serious mistake.